المخاطر الهيدروجيومورفولوجية شرقي العراق بين نهري ديالى والكرخة باستخدام التقانات الجغرافية الحديثة
الجزء الأول
الجزء الثاني (أطلس الخرائط)
أطروحة تقدم بها
علي طالب حمزة الطائي
إلى مجلس كلية الآداب - جامعة البصرة وهي جزء من مطالبات نيل شهادة الدكتوراه فلسقة في الجغرافية الطبيعية
بإشراف
الأستاذ الدكتور
محمد عبد الوهاب حسن الأسدي
1443هـ - 2022م
Hydrogeomorphological Hazards Eastern Iraq Between Diyala And AL-Karheh Rivers By Using Modern Geographic Technologies
Part I
Part 2 Map Atlas
A Thesis Submitted By
Ali Taleb Hamza Al-Taee
To
The Council of the College of Arts University of Basrah in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of P.h.D in Physical
Geography
Supervior
Professor Dr.
Muhammed Abdullwahab Hassan Al-Assady
1443 A.H - 2022 A.D
ABSTRACT
This study dealt with the hydrogeomorphological hazards in eastern
Iraq between the Diyala and Karkha rivers, with a total area of (34.226)
km2 and (18000) km2 of which inside Iraq. Studying the
hydrogeomorphological hazards, a closefocus will be laid on the natural
geological, topographic, climatic characteristics, the soil and natural
vegetation, and their role in the increase of geomorphological processes
and their impact on human activity.
The study found seven types of major hydrogeomorphological hazards in
the study area two of which are earthquakes and torrential rains whose
impact is international, unlike other risks that extend over large areas
between Iraq and Iran, therefore, area become the scope of the study.
There are five risks, the danger of which is local and does not exceed
international borders, therefore, it was studied inside Iraq only; the
movement of materials, water erosion, wind precipitation, and
salinization. The study concluded that there are risks resulting from
tectonic activity in the region because it is located on one of the main
unstable and tectonically active seismic zones, which is the
convergence area of the Arabian plate and the Persian plate. It was
found that it is tectonically active through the geomorphological
indicators of tectonic activity, and it was found that the areas near
the border strip represent active seismic foci for the recurrence of
earthquakes in them, as (2700) earthquakes occurred during the past (11)
years at a rate of (245) earthquakes annually and at a rate of (20.4)
per month, which causes severe damage to lives and property.
The study concluded that there are hydrological risks resulting from
torrential rains and floods descending from the eastern side (Zakros
Mountains and Hamrin Hills)., Descending towards the area, (20) main
basins of varying size, shape, slope, molarity and ranks. They are very
steep, allowing the generation of torrents heading suddenly towards the
area, and with high speeds. These basins vary in the amount of their
surface runoff, the amount of torrential rain, the period of the torrent
and the areas they cover. This is the result of morphometric,
hydrological and other factors. In general, the extended area, from
Diyala and Wasit Governorates, is witnessing multitude and more severe
floods, and this is caused by the amount of precipitation and
regression. Floods lead to huge losses in lives, crops, livestock,
industrial activity, roads, etc.
The study concluded that there are morphodynamic risks, resulting from
the movement of materials on the slopes. Such risks are related to the
terrain and sloping characteristics. The movements are classified into
two types: the first type is the slow movement of materials, and the
second type is the rapid movement of materials. The risks of material
movement were evaluated and classified into three levels, which are
confined to small areas and limited to areas with severe slopes. Apart
from the risks of geomorphological processes resulting from
morphoclimatic processes, most notable of which is water erosion. Water
erosion was classified and measured according to its severity according
to the Bergsma criterion. The results were documented by a detailed map
and classified into ranges that showed seven types of erosion. The types
of erosion were combined with the degrees of erosion, and a map was
produced that represents the five types of erosion risks. It was found
that the area is witnessing high erosion, with an area of (8807.9) km2,
which leads to the effects of decreasing the thickness of the soil and
decreasing its productivity and others. The study concluded that there
are risks resulting from erosion and wind precipitation on a large scale
in the region, and this is the result of severe drought, high
evaporation, lack of precipitation and flatness of the surface, which
helps the disintegration and erosion of the particles of the molded soil
into erosion as well as the speed of the wind: as soon the wind speed
decreases, these particles are deposited in the form of sand dunes,
nipak and other forms of wind precipitation. It was found through the
follow-up for ten years that it is creeping and increasing, and most of
its extension is in the Maysan governorate. The process of erosion and
wind sedimentation lead to damages to the soil, crops, facilities,
roads, pastures, and others.
As well as the spread of soil salinization from limited areas of the
study area, especially the southwestern parts, and this is the result of
the accumulation of torrential water in the winter and its evaporation
in the summer, the soft soil texture and the proximity of groundwater,
which allow to salinize the soil. The area affected by high salt reached
(4016.4) km2 and a percentage of 22.3% of the area area. It was found
that salinization has dangers to plants, soil organisms, installations,
buildings, and transportation methods.
The study concluded that there is a diversity in the geomorphological
forms in the region, and therefore it was done according to the global
(ITC) system according to the type of geomorphological process
responsible for the formation of the landscape. Six main land units
appeared, from which subgroups of land forms branched out, the units of
structural origin (structural erosion), their total is (10), the units
of water origin (weathering and sedimentation) their total is (20) and
the units of wind origin (weather and sedimentary), their total is (8)
units of morphodynamic origin and their total is (3), units of soluble
origin and their total is (3), units of solvation origin (5), and forms
of erosional and sedimentary water origin are widely spread in the study
area. This is due to the activity of water in the study area.
The study concluded that there are (20) main basins in addition to the
northern and southern assemblies, and these basins include (37) main
valleys of different lengths, breadth, quantity and period of flow, and
they are considered the main water resource in the region, in addition
to the presence of groundwater, some of which date back to third and
fourth age. Groundwater differs in its depths, characteristics, and
quantity, and it is considered the second source of water in the region.
Surface and ground waters differ in their suitability for different
uses from one valley to another and from one region to another in
relation to groundwater.
The study concluded that there is a deterioration in the natural
resources according to the digital spectral indicators: it was found
that there is a deterioration in the surface water resources from one
season to another and from one year to another. This is reflected in the
soil moisture, and results in fluctuations in the amount of rain and
the seasonality of its fall. There is also a deterioration in the
vegetation cover from one season to another, from one year to another,
and from one region to another, and this is the result of fluctuations
in the amount of rain, the seasonality of its fall, overgrazing and
other unstudied uses. There is also soil degradation caused by natural
and human factors.
The study reached an assessment of the suitability of the land and it
was found that there are (12) varieties to suit the different uses. In
addition to their land capacity, which includes (12) levels that varied
in their characteristics, the soil especially varied in the natural
determinants that limit it to particular uses. It was found that there
is a diversity in the uses of the land, including the use (residential,
agricultural, pastoral, mining, industrial, tourism and transportation
methods) and other uses. Construction in the tops of flood fans and the
Muqdadiya and Bay Hassan formations, and tourism is concentrated in
areas with steep slopes, springs and deep valleys.
In light of the above data and the detailed study of the study area,
it was found that it is qualified for the growth of a range of economic
activities, according to the perspective of sustainable development and
environmental preservation, with the need to establish a group of dams
and water harvesting for the possibility of establishing various water
harvesting techniques, including reservoir dams, organizational dams,
rainwater harvesting and water harvesting within valleys and the
construction of surface reservoirs, to ensure the sustainability of
those resources and activities for future generations without disturbing
the ecological balance.
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